Introduction to 5G

by Billy J Long Guidance, PSA Articles

Article (PSA‑0018) – 5G Explained for Everyone

5G is the fifth generation of cellular wireless technology. It follows 1G (analog voice), 2G (digital voice & SMS), 3G (mobile data), and 4G LTE (fast broadband). 5G is a global standard that is being rolled out by carriers worldwide.

Key Benefits Over 4G

  • Much higher speeds – up to 20 Gbps theoretical (typical real‑world speeds 200 Mbps – 1 Gbps).
  • Ultra‑low latency – 1 – 5 ms on many deployments versus ~30 ‑ 50 ms on 4G.
  • Greater capacity – can support many more simultaneous devices per square kilometre.
  • More reliable connections – thanks to new spectrum use and antenna technologies.

How 5G Works – The Technology Behind It

1️⃣ OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency‑Division Multiplexing)

OFDM splits the radio signal into many narrow sub‑carriers that operate side‑by‑side without interfering. 5G uses the same basic modulation as 4G LTE but with higher‑order versions (e.g., 256‑QAM) and much wider bandwidths.

2️⃣ New Spectrum Bands

  • Sub‑6 GHz – similar frequencies to 4G; provides broad coverage and good building penetration.
  • mmWave (24 ‑ 40 GHz and higher) – extremely wide channels that enable the highest speeds, but have limited range and struggle to pass through walls.

3️⃣ Massive MIMO & Beamforming

Base stations now use hundreds of antenna elements that can steer focused “beams” of radio energy toward each device. This increases range, capacity, and reduces interference.

4️⃣ Network Slicing

5G can create multiple virtual networks (slices) on the same physical infrastructure, each tuned for a specific use‑case – e.g., an ultra‑reliable low‑latency slice for industrial robots or a high‑throughput slice for video streaming.

Real‑World Use Cases

  • Augmented/Virtual Reality – Seamless, low‑lag experiences for training, design, and entertainment.
  • Industrial IoT & Smart Factories – Real‑time control of robots, sensors, and production lines.
  • Healthcare – Remote surgery, real‑time patient monitoring, and large‑volume imaging transfers.
  • Autonomous Vehicles – Vehicle‑to‑everything (V2X) communication for safety and coordination.
  • Rural Broadband – Fixed wireless solutions can bring gigabit‑class internet to areas where fiber isn’t economical.

What This Means for You

  • Faster mobile browsing, 4K/8K video streaming, and cloud‑gaming without lag.
  • More reliable Wi‑Fi‑off‑load: many devices will automatically switch between 5G and indoor Wi‑Fi for the best connection.
  • Potential new services from your ISP (e.g., private 5G slices for small businesses).

Quick Checklist – Is 5G Right for Your Business?

  1. Do you need low latency (≤ 5 ms) for real‑time applications? → 5G can deliver it.
  2. Do you have a high device density (e.g., factories, stadiums)? → 5G’s capacity helps.
  3. Is coverage a concern? Sub‑6 GHz offers broader reach; mmWave may need small cells or indoor repeaters.
  4. Are you ready to upgrade your devices? 5G‑capable phones, tablets, or routers are required.

Disclaimer

This article is provided for informational purposes only. PSA Computer Services does not sell, install, or support 5G equipment or 5G network solutions. For professional advice or implementation services, please consult a qualified 5G vendor or telecommunications specialist.